How to Treat Anal Fistula?

What is an Anal Fistula?

An anal fistula, a small tunnel forming between the skin surrounding the anus and the interior of the anal canal, often emerges as a consequence of an anal abscess—a collection of pus in the anal area. When the abscess fails to heal properly, it can give rise to the development of a fistula, presenting as a discomforting and potentially embarrassing health issue marked by pain, swelling, and discharge near the anus.

This abnormal pathway, originating in the upper part of the anus where the anal glands are situated, materializes when these glands succumb to infection. The resulting discharge from this infection is a contributing factor to the formation of a fistula. Termed a perianal abscess, this infection is linked to the condition, occasionally referred to as a perianal fistula, with "perianal" signifying the region surrounding the anus.

Why Does Anal Fistula Occur?

Anal fistulas usually develop as a complication of an anal abscess. Abscesses can form when small glands near the anus become blocked and infected. If the abscess doesn't drain completely, it can create a passage (fistula) between the anal gland and the skin, leading to persistent symptoms. Other factors that may contribute to the development of anal fistulas include Crohn's disease, tuberculosis, and certain sexually transmitted infections.

How to Identify Anal Fistula?

Identifying an anal fistula involves recognizing the associated symptoms. Common signs include:

1. Pain and Discomfort: Persistent pain around the anus, especially during bowel movements, is a common symptom.
2. Swelling and Redness: The presence of a swollen, red lump near the anus may indicate the formation of an abscess or fistula.
3. Discharge: Unusual discharge, often pus-like, from an opening near the anus is a typical symptom of an anal fistula.
4. Fever and Chills: In some cases, fever and chills may accompany the condition, indicating an infection.

If you experience these symptoms, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment Solutions for Anal Fistula:

1. Medical Management: In some cases, especially when the fistula is small and not causing severe symptoms, medical management may be considered. This involves the use of antibiotics to control infection and medications to relieve pain. However, medical management alone may not be sufficient for complete resolution.
2. Incision and Drainage: For anal abscesses that haven't drained on their own, a healthcare provider may perform a procedure called incision and drainage. This involves making a small cut to allow the pus to drain out, reducing the risk of a fistula forming.
3. Seton Placement: In cases where a fistula has already formed, a seton may be placed to help facilitate drainage and prevent recurrence. A seton is a piece of material (often a surgical thread) that is passed through the fistula tract, allowing continuous drainage and preventing the tunnel from closing prematurely.
4. Fistulotomy: This surgical procedure involves cutting open the entire length of the fistula to allow it to heal from the inside out. Fistulotomy is often effective for simple and superficial fistulas.
5. Fistulectomy: In cases where the fistula is more complex or involves multiple tracts, a fistulectomy may be performed. This procedure involves removing the entire fistula tract and is usually reserved for more complicated cases.
   

Benefits of Treating Anal Fistula:

1. Pain Relief: Treating an anal fistula can provide relief from the persistent pain and discomfort associated with the condition.
2. Prevention of Recurrence: Proper treatment helps in preventing the recurrence of anal abscesses and fistulas, reducing the likelihood of ongoing symptoms.
3. Infection Control: By addressing the underlying infection, treatment helps in controlling and eliminating the risk of systemic infections associated with anal fistulas.
4. Improved Quality of Life: Resolving anal fistulas can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition. It eliminates the physical and emotional burden associated with the symptoms.